Fuel Efficiency

From http://www.as.wvu.edu/~scidis/vision.html.

Introduction

There are two main functional categories of visual impairments: Low Vision and Blind. Low vision students usually are print users , but may require special equipment and materials. The definition of legal blindness covers a broad spectrum of visual impairments. The extent of visual disability depends upon the physical sensory impairment of the student's eyes, the age of the student at the onset of vision impairment, and the way in which that impairment occurred. Vision also may fluctuate or may b e influenced by factors such as inappropriate lighting, light glare, or fatigue. Hence, there is no "typical" vision impaired student. The major challenge facing visually impaired students in the science educational environment is the overwhelming mass o f visual material to which they are continually exposed, viz., textbooks, class outlines, class schedules, chalkboards writing, etc. In addition, the increase in the use of films, videotapes, computers, laser disks, and television adds to the volume of v isual material to which they have only limited access. To assist in overcoming a students' visual limitation requires unique and individual strategies based on that student's particular visual impairment and his/her skill of communication (e.g., Braille, speed listening, etc.). (After: "The Mainstream Teaching of Science: A Source Book", Keller et al.)

General Courtesy

• Speak to the class upon entering and leaving the room or site.

• Call the student with a vision impairment by name if you want his/her attention.

• Seat the student away from glaring lights (e.g. by the window) and preferably infront of the class.

• Use descriptive words such as straight, forward, left, etc. in relation to the student's body orientation. Be specific in directions and avoid the use of vague terms with unusable information, such as "over there", "here", "this", etc.

• Describe, in detail, pertinent visual occurrences of the learning activities.

• Describe and tactually familiarize the student to the classroom, laboratory, equipment, supplies, materials, field sites, etc.

• Give verbal notice of room changes, special meetings, or assignments.

• Offer to read written information for a person with a visual impairment, when appropriate.

• Order the appropriate text books for the students in their preferred medium.

• Identify yourself by name, don't assume that the student who is visually impaired will recognize you by your voice even though you have met before.

• If you are asked to guide a student with a visual impairment, identify yourself, offer your services and, if accepted, offer your arm to the student's hand. Tell them if they have to step up or step down, let them know if the door is to their left or right, and warn them of possible hazards.

• Orally, let the student know if you need to move or leave or need to end a conversation.

• If a student with a visual impairment is in class, routinely check the instructional environment to be sure it is adequate and ready for use.

• When communicating with a student who has a vision impairment, always identify yourself and others who are present.

• Do not pet or touch a guide dog. Guide dogs are working animals. It can be hazardous for the visually impaired person if the dog is distracted.

• Be understanding of the slight noise made by a portable translator.

• Also use an auditory or tactile signal where a visual signal is normally used.

• It is not necessary to speak loudly to people with visual impairments.

• Always notify changes of class schedule in advance.

 

General Strategies

The degree of impairment and the student's background and training (like the degree of proficiency in Braille) will affect the usefulness of the various strategies and suggestions. The student with a vision impairment will most likely need assistance in all aspects of science programs. The various strategies given below will work for most vision impaired students--some may not. Accessible description will be necessary for pictures, graphics, displays, or field sites, etc.; the student's identification queries; and differentiation of items where touch will not discriminate; and in orientation and mobility aspects in unfamiliar situations.

• Bring to the student's attention science role models with disabilities with a similar disability to that of the student. Point out that this individual achieved by a combination of effort and by asking for help when needed.

• A wide selection of magnifying devices are available that can be used by visually impaired students to assist in reading or working with objects that need to be observed.

• A screen reader, low vision projection screen, or an item like outSPOKEN or a similar system can be used to read a computer screens.

• A screen magnifier may be used to enlarge print on a computer screen.

• General Information Access for Persons with Vision Loss

1.    Visual material needs to be accompanied by a verbal description. If you are demonstrating how to use a piece of equipment, be sure to describe the equipment and what you are doing to operate it. Read overheads aloud and describe the content of slides (see note below about large print). In a conference presentation setting, you will probably want to provide all descriptions yourself. If you are showing a videotape, describe the action. If you distribute videotapes as handouts, any action or an explanatory text that is crucial to understanding the text of the presentation should be narrated.

2.    If there are multiple speakers (such as a panel), have each speaker introduce himself or herself to the audience so that the speakers' voices are keyed for the audience as to their identity.

3.    Be certain that your presentation can be clearly heard by everyone in the room and repeat all questions from the audience, prior to answering.

4.    Handouts should be available in large print, audiotape, computer disk, and/or Braille formats. If this is not possible prior to your presentation, note the various individuals' preferred formats and then make your materials available to them within a short time after your presentation.

5.    Large Print * - People who have some functional vision may be able to see print if it is large enough. Prepare print information on white paper with sharp, black ink. Standard print is generally 10-12 point type. Large print is 16-18 point and up, generally an enlargement setting of 160-175% on a copy machine. In the case of documents that already exist in print form, use a copy machine to enlarge each page onto 11 x 17 paper. Try darker settings on the copy machine to increase contrast without producing streaks. Many computer programs offer a variety of font types and sizes.
(On most newer versions of browsers, you can select Text Zoom from View Menu of the browser for larger view).

Teacher Presentation

• By verbally spelling out a new or technical word, you will be helping the student with a vision impairment, as well as for other students.

• An enlarged activity script, directions, or readings of a detailed lesson can be used for a low vision person and for use in describing tactile 3D models .

• Use an overhead projector to show step-by-step instructions. Mask all the instructions except the one(s) that you want to present.

• Use an opaque projector whenever possible to enlarge a text or manual.

• All colored objects used for identification related to a lesson, experiment, or other directions should be labeled with a Braille label maker or otherwise tacitly coded for most students with vision impairments.

• Describe, in detail, visual occurrences, visual media, and directions including all pertinent aspects that involve sight.

• Use a sighted narrator or descriptive video (preferably the latter) to describe aspects of videos or laser disks.

• Describe, in detail, all pertinent visual occurrences or chalkboard writing.

• Where needed, have lesson or direction materials Brailled, use an enlarged activity script, or recorded ahead of time, for class handouts.

• Have tactile 3D models, raised line drawings, or thermoforms available to supplement drawings or graphics in a tactile format when needed.

• Whenever possible, use actual objects for three dimensional representations.

• Modify instructions for auditory/tactile presentation.

• Use raised line drawings for temporary tactile presentations.

• Use an overhead projector, chalkboard, graphs, or slides as you would normally, but provide more detailed oral descriptions, possibly supplemented with thermoforms where appropriate.

• Allow student to use a tape recorder for recording classroom presentations or the text.

• Make all handouts and assignments available in an appropriate form: e.g., regular print, large print, Braille, or on a cassette, depending on the students optimal mode of communication.

• Use a monocular or a private eye (electronic miniature television) or similar devices for long range observations of chalk board or demonstration table presentations.

Laboratory

1) Describe and tactually/spatially familiarize the student with the lab and all equipment to be used.

2) Consider alternate activities/exercises that can be utilized with less difficulty for the student, but has the same or similar learning objectives.

3) Use an enlarged activity script, directions, or readings for a low vision student (or taped script for a student who is blind) for use with tactile 3D models.

4) Make all handouts and assignments available in the appropriate form for the student: e.g., regular print, large print, Braille, or tape depending on the students optimal mode of communication.

5) Assistance may be needed for converting certain laboratory materials from a visual to a tactile format.

6) Have the student with a vision impairment do a trial run on the equipment before the activity.

7) Allow more time for the laboratory activities.

8) Always try to keep materials, supplies, and equipment in the same places.

9) Use a microprojector or similar device to help the visually impaired student to examine images from a microscope.

10) Place the student and/or tape recorder an appropriate distance from the activity to permit hearing and/or the recording of results or observations.

11) Use an overhead projector or opaque projector to show step-by-step instructions. Mask all the instructions except the one(s) that you want followed for students with vision impairments.

12) Use Descriptive Video for videos or laser disks. If Descriptive Video is not available, use a sighted narrator to describe movies, videos, laser disks, or slides.

13) Provide means for the acquisition and/or recording of data in an appropriate mode for the student.

14) Use tag shapes for showing relationships (such as distance comparisons) buttons, or other markers on a "layout" board.

15) A Braille label maker will be useful for identifying materials and containers in the laboratory for the vision impaired student with a vision impairment who reads Braille.

16) Make equipment available that the student with a vision impairment can access in interpreting and understanding the results of laboratory exercises (e.g. audible readout voltmeters, calculators, talking thermometers, magnifiers, etc.

17) Use a hot plate for heating instead of Bunsen burner.

18) Label material, supplies, and equipment with regular print, large print, and/or Braille, as appropriate for the vision impaired student.

19) Pair the student with a vision impairment with a sighted student. Then have the non-impaired student describe the activities and outcomes as they are observed.

20) A low vision projection screen can be use to magnify images up to 720X.

21) Use a portable communication board to provides auditory scanning of laboratory materials such as: pictographic symbols, letters, and/or words.

22) When using a computer, the student with a visual disability can use a voice input device or a remote voice system to verbally enter commands.

23) Prior to the enrollment of a student with a visual impairment in class, obtain laboratory equipment that have available ability to produce adaptive outputs such as: a large screen, print materials, or various audio output devices.

24) Various Braille devices can be used to assists vision impaired students when reading.

25) For "reading" the outputs of balances and other instruments, one can use a Braille N' Speak device (Blazie Engineering)

26) Have a lab assistant help you if necessary to make sure that students with visual impairments are being assisted.

Group Interaction and Discussion

• Describe and tactually/spatially familiarize the student to the classroom.

• Place the student and/or recorder an appropriate distance from the activity to permit recording of material.

• Use a tape recorder.

• If the student is partially sighted, be sure he/she is seated where lighting is appropriate.

• Use a note taker who takes notes in the appropriate mode.

Text Reading Systems

• Paid or volunteer readers or writers can assist a student with a visual impairment with texts, materials, and library readings .

• Offer to read, or arrange to have read, written information for a person with a visual impairment, when appropriate.

• Arrange, ahead of time, for audio book acquisition of the text or other reading materials through the Talking Book Service, Recordings for the Blind and Dyslexic, text reading systems, or audio output devices.

• Various Braille devices can be used to assists vision impaired students when reading.

Field Experiences

• Make all handouts, safety information, and assignments available in an appropriate form (e.g., regular print, large print, tactile Braille, or cassette).

• Consider alternate activities/exercises that can be utilized with less difficulty for the student, but has the same or similar learning objectives.

• Use a sighted guide.

• Do detailed description and narration of objects seen in science centers, museums, and/or field activities.

• The use of a laser cane or mowat sensor can be useful in assisting the student in unfamiliar surroundings.

• An enlarged activity script, directions, or readings for descriptions of a field/activity for a low vision person to use with field observations.

• Suggest that the student use a standard tape recorder.

Research

• Review and discuss with the student the steps involved in a research activity. Think about which step(s) may be difficult for the specific functional limitations of the student and jointly devise accommodations for that student.

• Use appropriate lab and field strategies according to the nature of the research.

• Various Braille Devices can be used to assists vision impaired students when reading.

• Suggest that the student use a tape recorder with a sighted person on the various activities.

• Research on Mowatt sensor

Testing

• Make arrangements for tactile examinations, if touch is not normally permitted (say, in a museum) then contact the curator for tactile access to a museum display items or say, in a zoo for access to a plant/animal species and/or collection).

• Place the student being tested close to the activity if tactile examination is necessary.

• Present examinations in a form that will be unbiased to visually impaired students. Ask the student for the approach he/she finds to be most accessible.

• One possible accessible method is to record test questions on tape and have the students record their answers on tape in an area which has minimal disturbance for other students.

• Use an enlarged activity script, directions, or readings to go along with the testing material.

• Allow more time.

• Allow calculators to be used during the test.

• Make use of larger print (e.g. 14 pt; 20 pt sized or as needed).

Make use of visual magnification (magnifier or magnifying machine), audiocassette, Braille/Braille graphs/Braille device for written responses, large block answer sheet.

Children with reading disabilities or dyslexia have problems decoding the phonetic structure of language, which negatively impacts comprehension. Absent previous remedial reading interventions (such as Orton-Gillingham), the student may need some or all of the following accommodations.

* Provide student with larger print materials
* Arrange for student to receive books on tape through the Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic in Princeton, NJ. Contact them at: http://www.rfbd.org/catalog.htm
* Provide books that have information highlighted
* Have student use tape recorders in the classroom.
* Provide readers for tests.
* Allow extra time for tests.
* Provide materials that use lots of visuals.
* Provide information in bullet format.
* Teach the student to take notes and to study using visual techniques instead of words.
* Provide hard copies of notes provided to the student.
* Teach mapping techniques.
* Allow extra time for assignments.
* Do not penalize the student for spelling errors.
* Provide computer-based reading software such as Kurzweil 2000 or Wordsmith which scans textbooks or other reading material into a computer and audibly reads the scanned text back to the student. (In Wordsmith, the student has a choice of a male or female voice or a British or American accent.)

Look at http://www.dyslexic.com to learn more about these products.

Accommodations for Writing Disabilities or Dysgraphia

Children with writing disabilities or dysgraphia generally have problems with handwriting (the actual formation of the letters) as well as deficits in written expression. When writing, these children may omit words or reverse them, and syntax and grammar are often incorrect. These students may also have difficulty deciding on a topic for an essay or organizing it so that the ideas flow in a logical manner. These problems may not show up in expressive language assessments and may be exhibited only in the written language assessments. Students with writing disabilities or dysgraphia will need some or all of the following accommodations:

* Teach and encourage the student to use a keyboard in class and to complete all assignments.
* Assign a scribe to write longer or timed writing assignments.
* Allow student to tape record classes. Do not penalize quality of note-taking or assume the student is not taking it all in aurally.
* Provide paper copies of notes to the student.
* Allow extra time for assignments.
* Assign a scribe for important tests, or allow the student to give his answers orally.
* Do not penalize the student for handwriting or spelling errors.
* Have the parents investigate voice recognition software such as "Dragon Naturally Speaking " (also available on http://www.dyslexic.com).

http://www.bpchildresearch.org/edu_forums/accomodations.html

Accommodations for Math Disabilities or Discalculia

Children with math disabilities or dyscalculia generally have problems in math computation, function and application of math concepts. and in understanding the basic math functions. For example, they may reverse their numbers when they are writing. Students with math disabilities or dyscalculia may need some or all of the following accommodations:

* Provide math books in larger print
* Give the student graph paper to keep numbers in their correct columns
* Provide manipulatives to help the student understand in a concrete way the abstract nature of numbers.
* Provide a student with a calculator for more complicated math functions and teach the student to use it.
* Do not penalize student's grade for the reversing of numbers.
* Allow extended time for assignments and tests.

 

Classroom Modifications for ADD and ADHD

Nearly all the children referred for evaluations for ADD are experiencing some difficulties at school. It is not uncommon for very bright children with ADD to be achieving at their expected level academically when tested with standardized tests, but making poor grades at school because of organizational and attentional problems.

The following suggestions may be helpful for children with ADD in the classroom. However, the individual child's needs must be considered before implementing any modifications.

Recommendations for School-based ADD Management

Classroom modifications

Seat students in rows. Having children sit in groups increases distractions for the ADHD child. Seat ADD student near teacher's desk, up front with her back to the rest of the class, but include as part of regular class seating. It may be possible to provide tables for special group projects while retaining rows for regular classroom seating and independent work. Some teachers report that arranging desks in a horseshoe shape promotes appropriate discussion while permitting independent work. Whatever arrangement is selected, it is important for the teacher to be able to move about the entire room and have access to all students. Surround ADD student with "good role models", preferably students that the ADD child views as "significant others." Encourage peer tutoring and cooperative collaborative teaching.

Do not place the ADD student near: Air conditioners, heaters, high traffic areas, doors or windows. Keep the classroom door closed. Keep the room free of clutter. Distracting posters, signs, and hanging pictures should relate to the lesson being presented.

ADD children do not handle change very well so avoid: transitions, changes in schedule, physical relocation, disruptions.

Lesson presentation modifications

Maintain eye contact with the ADD student during verbal instruction. Make directions clear and concise. Simplify complex directions. Avoid multiple commands.

Make sure ADD student comprehends directions before beginning a task. Repeat instructions in a calm, positive manner, if needed. Help ADD child feel comfortable with seeking assistance.

All children will benefit from receiving an outline of the day's lesson prior to beginning the lesson. In addition, children may benefit from the use of colored chalk to emphasize important words or ideas in the lesson.

Anything that spices up the lesson will be beneficial for children with ADD, helping them to pay attention. Students could be allowed to make frequent responses to teacher questions by holding up hand signals or written signals or by answering in unison. Groups of students could make up games to teach each other concepts or do role-playing activities to teach history or social studies topics. Role playing in mathematics could even be fun.

ADD children often benefit from a required daily assignment notebook. The teacher can check to make sure the student correctly writes down all assignments. Then the parents and teachers sign notebook daily to signify completion of homework assignments. Parents and teachers can also use the notebook for daily communication.

Worksheet, workbook, and test layout may need to be modified for children with ADD or visual perceptual problems. It may help to use large type on clean paper without distracting pictures or excessive ink. Underlining, highlighting, or drawing boxes around parts of the ADD child's worksheets may also help. During tests or quizzes, make sure you are testing knowledge learned and not attention span. Allow the ADD child to demonstrate mastery of the curriculum by answering oral questions or demonstrating concepts learned if writing for extended periods of time is too difficult. ADD children may also benefit from being given extra time for certain tasks. The ADD student may work more slowly. Don't penalize for needed extra time.

Behavior management recommendations

Have the class make up the class rules, then post them clearly in the room. Review the rules frequently early in the year so the children know them well. It may be fun to have the class act out rule breaking and rule following to make sure they understand. Try not to leave any room for interpretation, or the ADD child may try to debate his or her way out of trouble.

When children break posted classroom rules, remain calm, state infraction of rule, and don't debate. It is important to have pre-established consequences for misbehavior. Administer consequences immediately and monitor proper behavior frequently. Praise specific behaviors. Avoid non-specific praise statements. Enforce the rules of the classroom consistently. Avoid "getting personal" with the ADD child after poor behavior. Avoid ridicule and criticism. Remember, ADD children have difficulty staying in control. Teach the child to reward him/herself. Encourage positive "self-talk", i.e., "You did very well remaining in your seat today. Don't you feel proud!" This encourages the child to think positively about him/herself.

Implement a behavior management system. Select up to three specific behaviors which present problems for the ADD student and define alternative behaviors to be learned. Then develop a system of monitoring the behaviors and charting improvement. Include the entire class in your plan. When necessary, sign contracts with ADD children and their parents to reinforce one to three specific behaviors. It may be helpful to reward children for improvements. (Example: Goal-Remain working quietly during independent work for 10 minutes at a time. Primary behavior-continuing working. Prior to the beginning of independent work time, the teacher reminds the class to try to be quiet and work hard during the period of time defined by the teacher. The teacher looks at ADD child to insure that he/she is listening, then the teacher praises quiet children throughout the period. The teacher might split the class into two groups and have a contest to see which group works quietly.)

Derived from http://www.therapistfinder.net/Attention-Deficit-Disorder/Special-Education-Lesson-Plans.html

 

ADD

General Strategies

*Bring to the student's attention science role models with disabilities with a similar disability to that of the student. Point out that this individual got ahead by a combination of effort and by asking for help when needed.

*Student monitoring, self management, discipline, and encouragement can be a very important aspect for academic success. Below are the two basic aspects of AD/HD facilitation.

*Self-monitoring techniques can be very effective in the school setting. Self-monitoring of attention involves cueing the student so that he/she can determine how well he/she is attending to the task at hand. Cueing is often done by providing an audio tone such as a random beep, timer, or the teacher can give the cue. The student then notes whether he/she was on or off task on a simple recording sheet.  Self-monitoring techniques are more likely to be effective when tied to rewards and accuracy checks.

 
* Behavior management techniques must often be used in the learning environment. By examining a student's specific problem behavior, understanding its antecedents and consequences, teachers can help students with AD/HD to develop behaviors that lead to academic and social successes.
* Provide supervision and discipline:
          * Monitor proper behavior frequently and immediately direct the student to an appropriate behavior.
          * Enforce classroom rules consistently.
          * Avoid ridicule and criticism. Remember that students with AD/HD have difficulty staying in control.

* Providing Encouragement:
          * Reward more than punish.
          * Immediately praise any and all good behavior and performance.
          * Change rewards if they are not effective in motivating behavioral change.

          * Find alternate ways to encourage the AD/HD students.

          * Teach the student to reward himself or herself.
          *Encourage positive self-talk
* Bring to the student's attention science role model who has a disability similar to that of the student with an impairment. Point out that this individual got ahead by a combination of effort and by asking for help when needed.

* Reduce the amount of materials present during activities by having the student put away unnecessary items. Have a special place for tools, materials, and books.

* Reward more than you punish, especially with positive reinforcements.
* Try to be patient with an AD/HD student.
* Seat students with AD/HD in the front near the teacher with their backs to the rest of the class. Be sure to include them as part of the regular class seating.
* Place these students up front with their backs to the rest of the class to keep the other students out of view.

* Surround students with AD/HD with good peer models, preferably students whom the AD/HD student views as significant peers.

* Encourage peer tutoring and cooperative/collaborative learning.

* A class that has a low student-teacher ratio will be helpful to a student with AD/HD.

* Avoid all distracting stimuli. Try not to place students with AD/HD near air conditioners, high traffic areas, heaters, doors, windows, etc.

* Avoid transitions, physical relocation, changes in schedule, and disruptions.

* Be creative! Produce a somewhat stimuli-reduced study area with a variety of science activities. Let all students have access to this area.

* Encourage parents to set up appropriate study space at home, with set times and routines established for study. Also, use this home area for parental review of completed homework, and periodic notebook and/or book bag organization.

* Educational, psychological, and/or neurological testing is recommended to determine learning style, cognitive ability, and to rule out any learning disability (LD is common in about 30% of students with AD/HD).

* A private tutor and/or peer tutoring will be helpful to a student with AD/HD.

* Have pre-established consequences for misbehavior, remain calm, state the infraction of the rule, and avoid debating or arguing with the student.

* Avoid publicly reminding students on medication to "take their medicine."